feat(extraction): instantiates + decorates graph edges (#134)

* feat(extraction): instantiates + decorates graph edges

Two new structural edges that fill gaps in the call graph for
modern JS/TS / Java / C# / Python / Kotlin codebases.

1) `instantiates` edges from `new Foo(...)`:

The bulk-extraction and visitFunctionBody dispatchers only
recognised `call_expression`; `new_expression` (and the equivalent
`object_creation_expression` / `instance_creation_expression` in
other grammars) was silently ignored. Adds INSTANTIATION_KINDS,
extractInstantiation(), and dispatch from BOTH the top-level
visitNode and the per-function-body walker. Children are still
descended so nested calls inside constructor args (`new Foo(bar())`)
get their own `calls` refs.

Output: a `bootstrap` function that does `new UserService(); new
UserController(svc)` now produces two `instantiates` edges to those
class nodes — previously zero edges.

2) `decorates` edges from `@Decorator` annotations:

Tree-sitter places decorator nodes BEFORE the symbol they apply to
in the AST, so the original walk-time dispatch saw the wrong
nodeStack head (file/class instead of class/method). Replaced with
extractDecoratorsFor(declNode, decoratedId) that runs from inside
extractClass / extractFunction / extractMethod after the symbol's
node id is known.

Looks for decorator nodes in two places:
  - Direct named children of the declaration (method/property style)
  - Preceding siblings in the parent (TypeScript class style:
    @Foo class X {} parses as parent { decorator, class_decl })

Sibling check uses startIndex comparison rather than reference
identity — tree-sitter web bindings return fresh JS wrappers from
parent/namedChild navigation, so `===` is unreliable. Took a debug
session to spot this; flagging in the comment so the next reader
doesn't re-introduce the bug.

Output: a `@Controller` class decorator + `@Get` method decorator
on a NestJS-style controller now produce two `decorates` edges
(class→Controller, method→Get) with the correct source nodes.

Verified live on a synthetic NestJS-shape fixture; all 380
existing tests pass.

* fix(extraction): address reviewer findings — decorator boundary, generic constructors, property/field decorators, marker_annotation, tests

Five fixes from independent semantic review:

- extractDecoratorsFor sibling walk now iterates BACKWARD from the
  declaration and stops at the first non-decorator/annotation
  separator. Previous version walked forward up to declStart and
  consumed every decorator-typed sibling — so two adjacent
  decorated classes (`@A class Foo {} @B class Bar {}`) had `@A`
  spuriously attributed to `Bar`.

- extractInstantiation strips the type-argument suffix from the
  constructor field text. `new Map<K, V>()` was producing
  referenceName 'Map<K, V>' (the constructor field is a generic_type
  node) and resolution always failed.

- extractProperty and extractField now call extractDecoratorsFor
  after their createNode calls. NestJS-style `@Inject() private
  svc: Foo` and Java field annotations were being silently dropped.

- consider() in extractDecoratorsFor recognises 'marker_annotation'
  in addition to 'decorator'/'annotation'. Java's tree-sitter grammar
  emits marker_annotation for arg-less annotations like @Override
  and @Deprecated; without this every Java marker annotation was
  silently skipped.

- 6 new extraction tests covering: instantiates ref for new Foo(),
  generic-type stripping (`new Container<string>()` -> 'Container'),
  qualified-new keeps trailing identifier (`new ns.Foo()` -> 'Foo'),
  decorates ref for @Foo class X {}, regression for adjacent
  decorated classes (each gets its OWN decorator), decorates ref
  for @Foo method().

Full test suite: 386 passed (was 380, +6 new extraction tests).

* feat(resolution): kind-aware scoring + Python instantiation promotion

Two follow-ups to the new instantiates/decorates ref kinds, surfaced
during review:

1) name-matcher previously only had a kind bonus for `calls`
   (preferring function/method). When a class and a function share a
   name across modules, an `instantiates` ref would tie or pick the
   wrong candidate. Adds:
     - `instantiates` → +25 for class/struct/interface
     - `decorates`    → +25 for function/method, +15 for class
       (Python class decorators, Java annotation interfaces)

2) Python (and Ruby) have no `new` keyword — `Foo()` is the standard
   instantiation syntax, indistinguishable from a function call at
   extraction time. Resolution can tell the difference once the
   target is known: when a `calls` ref resolves to a class/struct,
   promote it to `instantiates`. Mirrors the existing extends→
   implements promotion in createEdges.

Verified: 386 → 389 passing (+3 tests covering the kind biases and
the Python promotion).

Co-Authored-By: Claude Opus 4.7 (1M context) <noreply@anthropic.com>

---------

Co-authored-by: Colby McHenry <me@colbymchenry.com>
Co-authored-by: Claude Opus 4.7 (1M context) <noreply@anthropic.com>

__tests__/extraction.test.ts

@@ -3079,3 +3079,101 @@ describe('Directory Exclusion', () => {
     expect(files.every((f) => !f.includes('vendor'))).toBe(true);
   });
 });
+
+describe('Instantiates + Decorates edge extraction', () => {
+  it('emits an instantiates ref for `new Foo()`', () => {
+    const code = `
+class Foo {}
+function bootstrap() { return new Foo(); }
+`;
+    const result = extractFromSource('app.ts', code);
+    const ref = result.unresolvedReferences.find(
+      (r) => r.referenceKind === 'instantiates' && r.referenceName === 'Foo'
+    );
+    expect(ref).toBeDefined();
+  });
+
+  it('strips type-argument suffix from generic constructors', () => {
+    const code = `
+class Container<T> { constructor(_: T) {} }
+function go() { return new Container<string>('x'); }
+`;
+    const result = extractFromSource('app.ts', code);
+    const ref = result.unresolvedReferences.find(
+      (r) => r.referenceKind === 'instantiates'
+    );
+    expect(ref).toBeDefined();
+    // Container<string> must be normalised to "Container" — otherwise
+    // resolution can never match the class node.
+    expect(ref!.referenceName).toBe('Container');
+  });
+
+  it('keeps trailing identifier from qualified `new ns.Foo()`', () => {
+    const code = `
+const ns = { Foo: class {} };
+function go() { return new ns.Foo(); }
+`;
+    const result = extractFromSource('app.ts', code);
+    const ref = result.unresolvedReferences.find(
+      (r) => r.referenceKind === 'instantiates'
+    );
+    // We can't always resolve which Foo, but the name should be the
+    // simple identifier so name-matching has a chance.
+    expect(ref?.referenceName).toBe('Foo');
+  });
+
+  it('emits a decorates ref for `@Foo class X {}`', () => {
+    const code = `
+function Foo(_arg: string) { return (cls: any) => cls; }
+@Foo('x')
+class X {}
+`;
+    const result = extractFromSource('app.ts', code);
+    const decorClass = result.unresolvedReferences.find(
+      (r) => r.referenceKind === 'decorates' && r.referenceName === 'Foo'
+    );
+    expect(decorClass).toBeDefined();
+  });
+
+  it('does NOT attribute a prior class\'s decorator to the next class', () => {
+    // Regression: the sibling-walk must stop at the first non-
+    // decorator separator. `@A class Foo {} @B class Bar {}` must
+    // produce `decorates(Foo, A)` and `decorates(Bar, B)` — never
+    // `decorates(Bar, A)`.
+    const code = `
+function A(cls: any) { return cls; }
+function B(cls: any) { return cls; }
+@A
+class Foo {}
+@B
+class Bar {}
+`;
+    const result = extractFromSource('app.ts', code);
+    const decoratesEdges = result.unresolvedReferences.filter(
+      (r) => r.referenceKind === 'decorates'
+    );
+    // Exactly one decorates ref per decorated class, no cross-attribution.
+    const fromBar = decoratesEdges.filter((r) =>
+      result.nodes.find((n) => n.id === r.fromNodeId && n.name === 'Bar')
+    );
+    expect(fromBar.length).toBe(1);
+    expect(fromBar[0]!.referenceName).toBe('B');
+  });
+
+  it('emits a decorates ref for `@Foo method() {}`', () => {
+    const code = `
+function Get(p: string) { return (t: any, k: string) => t; }
+class Svc {
+  @Get('/x') method() { return 1; }
+}
+`;
+    const result = extractFromSource('app.ts', code);
+    const decorMethod = result.unresolvedReferences.find(
+      (r) => r.referenceKind === 'decorates' && r.referenceName === 'Get'
+    );
+    expect(decorMethod).toBeDefined();
+    // The decorated symbol must be `method`, not the constructor or class.
+    const decoratedNode = result.nodes.find((n) => n.id === decorMethod!.fromNodeId);
+    expect(decoratedNode?.name).toBe('method');
+  });
+});

__tests__/resolution.test.ts

@@ -606,5 +606,109 @@ function main(): void {
       // Should have attempted resolution
       expect(result.stats.total).toBeGreaterThanOrEqual(0);
     });
+
+    it('promotes calls→instantiates when target resolves to a class (Python)', async () => {
+      // Python has no `new` keyword — `Foo()` is the standard
+      // instantiation syntax. Extraction can't tell that apart from
+      // a function call without symbol info, so it emits a `calls`
+      // ref. Resolution promotes it to `instantiates` once the
+      // target is known to be a class.
+      const srcDir = path.join(tempDir, 'src');
+      fs.mkdirSync(srcDir, { recursive: true });
+
+      fs.writeFileSync(
+        path.join(srcDir, 'app.py'),
+        `class UserService:
+    def __init__(self):
+        self.db = None
+
+def bootstrap():
+    return UserService()
+`
+      );
+
+      cg = await CodeGraph.init(tempDir, { index: true });
+      cg.resolveReferences();
+
+      const bootstrap = cg
+        .getNodesByKind('function')
+        .find((n) => n.name === 'bootstrap');
+      expect(bootstrap).toBeDefined();
+
+      const outgoing = cg.getOutgoingEdges(bootstrap!.id);
+      const instantiates = outgoing.find((e) => e.kind === 'instantiates');
+      expect(instantiates).toBeDefined();
+      // Same edge must NOT also appear as a `calls` edge — promotion
+      // replaces the kind, doesn't duplicate.
+      const callsToUserService = outgoing.filter(
+        (e) => e.kind === 'calls' && e.target === instantiates!.target
+      );
+      expect(callsToUserService).toHaveLength(0);
+    });
+  });
+
+  describe('Name Matcher: kind bias for new ref kinds', () => {
+    const baseContext = (candidates: Node[]): ResolutionContext => ({
+      getNodesInFile: () => [],
+      getNodesByName: (name) => candidates.filter((c) => c.name === name),
+      getNodesByQualifiedName: () => [],
+      getNodesByKind: () => [],
+      fileExists: () => true,
+      readFile: () => null,
+      getProjectRoot: () => '/test',
+      getAllFiles: () => [],
+      getNodesByLowerName: () => [],
+      getImportMappings: () => [],
+    });
+
+    it('prefers a class candidate over a function for `instantiates` refs', () => {
+      // A class and a function share a name across the codebase.
+      // Without the kind bias, the function (which gets the +25 `calls`
+      // bonus historically applied to all candidates of that kind) would
+      // win. Now the instantiates branch reverses it.
+      const fn: Node = {
+        id: 'func:utils.ts:Logger:5', kind: 'function', name: 'Logger',
+        qualifiedName: 'utils.ts::Logger', filePath: 'utils.ts', language: 'typescript',
+        startLine: 5, endLine: 7, startColumn: 0, endColumn: 0, updatedAt: Date.now(),
+      };
+      const cls: Node = {
+        id: 'class:logger.ts:Logger:10', kind: 'class', name: 'Logger',
+        qualifiedName: 'logger.ts::Logger', filePath: 'logger.ts', language: 'typescript',
+        startLine: 10, endLine: 30, startColumn: 0, endColumn: 0, updatedAt: Date.now(),
+      };
+
+      const ref = {
+        fromNodeId: 'func:main.ts:bootstrap:1',
+        referenceName: 'Logger',
+        referenceKind: 'instantiates' as const,
+        line: 5, column: 0, filePath: 'main.ts', language: 'typescript' as const,
+      };
+
+      const result = matchReference(ref, baseContext([fn, cls]));
+      expect(result?.targetNodeId).toBe('class:logger.ts:Logger:10');
+    });
+
+    it('prefers a function candidate over a non-function for `decorates` refs', () => {
+      const variable: Node = {
+        id: 'var:config.ts:Inject:5', kind: 'variable', name: 'Inject',
+        qualifiedName: 'config.ts::Inject', filePath: 'config.ts', language: 'typescript',
+        startLine: 5, endLine: 5, startColumn: 0, endColumn: 0, updatedAt: Date.now(),
+      };
+      const decorator: Node = {
+        id: 'func:di.ts:Inject:10', kind: 'function', name: 'Inject',
+        qualifiedName: 'di.ts::Inject', filePath: 'di.ts', language: 'typescript',
+        startLine: 10, endLine: 20, startColumn: 0, endColumn: 0, updatedAt: Date.now(),
+      };
+
+      const ref = {
+        fromNodeId: 'class:svc.ts:UserService:1',
+        referenceName: 'Inject',
+        referenceKind: 'decorates' as const,
+        line: 5, column: 0, filePath: 'svc.ts', language: 'typescript' as const,
+      };
+
+      const result = matchReference(ref, baseContext([variable, decorator]));
+      expect(result?.targetNodeId).toBe('func:di.ts:Inject:10');
+    });
   });
 });

src/extraction/tree-sitter.ts

@@ -95,6 +95,17 @@ function extractName(node: SyntaxNode, source: string, extractor: LanguageExtrac
   return '<anonymous>';
 }
 
+/**
+ * Tree-sitter node kinds that represent constructor invocations
+ * (`new Foo()` and friends). Used by extractInstantiation to emit
+ * an `instantiates` reference targeting the class name.
+ */
+const INSTANTIATION_KINDS: ReadonlySet<string> = new Set([
+  'new_expression',                  // typescript / javascript / tsx / jsx
+  'object_creation_expression',      // java / c#
+  'instance_creation_expression',    // some grammars
+]);
+
 /**
  * TreeSitterExtractor - Main extraction class
  */
@@ -334,6 +345,17 @@ export class TreeSitterExtractor {
     else if (this.extractor.callTypes.includes(nodeType)) {
       this.extractCall(node);
     }
+    // `new Foo(...)` / `Foo::new(...)` / object_creation_expression —
+    // produce an `instantiates` reference. Children still walked so
+    // nested calls inside the constructor args (`new Foo(bar())`) get
+    // their own `calls` refs.
+    else if (INSTANTIATION_KINDS.has(nodeType)) {
+      this.extractInstantiation(node);
+    }
+    // (Decorator handling lives inside the symbol-creating extractors
+    // — extractClass / extractFunction / extractProperty — because the
+    // decorator node sits BEFORE the symbol in the AST and the walker
+    // would otherwise see the wrong nodeStack head.)
     // Rust: `impl Trait for Type { ... }` — creates implements edge from Type to Trait
     else if (nodeType === 'impl_item') {
       this.extractRustImplItem(node);
@@ -531,6 +553,11 @@ export class TreeSitterExtractor {
     // Extract type annotations (parameter types and return type)
     this.extractTypeAnnotations(node, funcNode.id);
 
+    // Extract decorators applied to the function (rare in JS/TS but
+    // present in Python `@decorator def f():` and Java/Kotlin
+    // annotations on free functions).
+    this.extractDecoratorsFor(node, funcNode.id);
+
     // Push to stack and visit body
     this.nodeStack.push(funcNode.id);
     const body = this.extractor.resolveBody?.(node, this.extractor.bodyField)
@@ -562,6 +589,9 @@ export class TreeSitterExtractor {
     // Extract extends/implements
     this.extractInheritance(node, classNode.id);
 
+    // Extract decorators applied to the class (`@Foo class X {}`).
+    this.extractDecoratorsFor(node, classNode.id);
+
     // Push to stack and visit body
     this.nodeStack.push(classNode.id);
     let body = this.extractor.resolveBody?.(node, this.extractor.bodyField)
@@ -655,6 +685,9 @@ export class TreeSitterExtractor {
     // Extract type annotations (parameter types and return type)
     this.extractTypeAnnotations(node, methodNode.id);
 
+    // Extract decorators (`@Get('/list') list() {}`).
+    this.extractDecoratorsFor(node, methodNode.id);
+
     // Push to stack and visit body
     this.nodeStack.push(methodNode.id);
     const body = this.extractor.resolveBody?.(node, this.extractor.bodyField)
@@ -834,12 +867,18 @@ export class TreeSitterExtractor {
     const typeText = typeNode ? getNodeText(typeNode, this.source) : undefined;
     const signature = typeText ? `${typeText} ${name}` : name;
 
-    this.createNode('property', name, node, {
+    const propNode = this.createNode('property', name, node, {
       docstring,
       signature,
       visibility,
       isStatic,
     });
+
+    // `@Inject() private svc: Foo` and similar — capture the
+    // decorator->target relationship for class properties too.
+    if (propNode) {
+      this.extractDecoratorsFor(node, propNode.id);
+    }
   }
 
   /**
@@ -913,12 +952,15 @@ export class TreeSitterExtractor {
         if (!nameNode) continue;
         const name = getNodeText(nameNode, this.source);
         const signature = typeText ? `${typeText} ${name}` : name;
-        this.createNode('field', name, decl, {
+        const fieldNode = this.createNode('field', name, decl, {
           docstring,
           signature,
           visibility,
           isStatic,
         });
+        // Java/Kotlin annotations / TS field decorators sit on the
+        // outer field_declaration, not on the individual declarator.
+        if (fieldNode) this.extractDecoratorsFor(node, fieldNode.id);
       }
     } else {
       // Fallback: try to find an identifier child directly
@@ -1448,6 +1490,162 @@ export class TreeSitterExtractor {
     }
   }
 
+  /**
+   * `new Foo(...)` / `Foo::new(...)` / object_creation_expression —
+   * emit an `instantiates` reference to the class name. The resolver
+   * then links it to the class node, producing the `instantiates`
+   * edge that powers "what creates instances of X" queries.
+   *
+   * Children are still walked so nested calls inside the constructor
+   * arguments (`new Foo(bar())`) get their own `calls` references.
+   */
+  private extractInstantiation(node: SyntaxNode): void {
+    if (this.nodeStack.length === 0) return;
+    const fromId = this.nodeStack[this.nodeStack.length - 1];
+    if (!fromId) return;
+
+    // The class name is in the `constructor`/`type`/first-named-child
+    // depending on grammar.
+    const ctor =
+      getChildByField(node, 'constructor') ||
+      getChildByField(node, 'type') ||
+      getChildByField(node, 'name') ||
+      node.namedChild(0);
+    if (!ctor) return;
+
+    let className = getNodeText(ctor, this.source);
+    // Strip type-argument suffix first: `new Map<K, V>()` would
+    // otherwise produce className 'Map<K, V>' (the constructor
+    // field is a `generic_type` node) and resolution would fail
+    // because no class is named with the angle-bracket suffix.
+    const ltIdx = className.indexOf('<');
+    if (ltIdx > 0) className = className.slice(0, ltIdx);
+    // For namespaced/qualified constructors (`new ns.Foo()`,
+    // `new ns::Foo()`) keep the trailing identifier — that's what
+    // matches a class node in the index.
+    const lastDot = Math.max(
+      className.lastIndexOf('.'),
+      className.lastIndexOf('::')
+    );
+    if (lastDot >= 0) className = className.slice(lastDot + 1).replace(/^[:.]/, '');
+    className = className.trim();
+
+    if (className) {
+      this.unresolvedReferences.push({
+        fromNodeId: fromId,
+        referenceName: className,
+        referenceKind: 'instantiates',
+        line: node.startPosition.row + 1,
+        column: node.startPosition.column,
+      });
+    }
+  }
+
+  /**
+   * Scan `declNode` and its preceding siblings (within the parent's
+   * named children) for decorator nodes, emitting a `decorates`
+   * reference from `decoratedId` to each decorator's function name.
+   *
+   * Why preceding siblings: in TypeScript, `@Foo class Bar {}` parses
+   * as an `export_statement` (or top-level wrapper) with the
+   * `decorator` as a child *before* the `class_declaration` — so the
+   * decorator isn't a child of the class itself. For methods/
+   * properties, the decorator IS a direct child of the declaration,
+   * so we also scan declNode.namedChildren.
+   *
+   * Idempotent across grammars: if neither location yields decorators
+   * (most non-decorator-using languages), the function is a no-op.
+   */
+  private extractDecoratorsFor(declNode: SyntaxNode, decoratedId: string): void {
+    const consider = (n: SyntaxNode | null): void => {
+      if (!n) return;
+      // `marker_annotation` is Java's grammar for arg-less annotations
+      // (`@Override`, `@Deprecated`); without including it, every
+      // such Java annotation would be silently skipped.
+      if (
+        n.type !== 'decorator' &&
+        n.type !== 'annotation' &&
+        n.type !== 'marker_annotation'
+      ) {
+        return;
+      }
+      // Find the leading identifier: skip the `@` punct, unwrap
+      // a call_expression if the decorator is invoked with args.
+      let target: SyntaxNode | null = null;
+      for (let i = 0; i < n.namedChildCount; i++) {
+        const child = n.namedChild(i);
+        if (!child) continue;
+        if (child.type === 'call_expression') {
+          const fn = getChildByField(child, 'function') ?? child.namedChild(0);
+          if (fn) target = fn;
+          if (target) break;
+        }
+        if (
+          child.type === 'identifier' ||
+          child.type === 'member_expression' ||
+          child.type === 'scoped_identifier' ||
+          child.type === 'navigation_expression'
+        ) {
+          target = child;
+          break;
+        }
+      }
+      if (!target) return;
+      let name = getNodeText(target, this.source);
+      const lastDot = Math.max(name.lastIndexOf('.'), name.lastIndexOf('::'));
+      if (lastDot >= 0) name = name.slice(lastDot + 1).replace(/^[:.]/, '');
+      if (!name) return;
+      this.unresolvedReferences.push({
+        fromNodeId: decoratedId,
+        referenceName: name,
+        referenceKind: 'decorates',
+        line: n.startPosition.row + 1,
+        column: n.startPosition.column,
+      });
+    };
+
+    // 1. Decorators that are direct children of the declaration
+    //    (method/property style, also some grammars for class).
+    for (let i = 0; i < declNode.namedChildCount; i++) {
+      consider(declNode.namedChild(i));
+    }
+
+    // 2. Decorators that are PRECEDING siblings of the declaration
+    //    inside the parent's children (TypeScript class style).
+    //    Walk BACKWARDS from the declaration and stop at the first
+    //    non-decorator sibling — without that stop, decorators
+    //    belonging to an EARLIER unrelated declaration leak in
+    //    (e.g. `@A class Foo {} @B class Bar {}` would otherwise
+    //    attribute @A to Bar).
+    //
+    //    Note on identity: tree-sitter web bindings return fresh JS
+    //    wrapper objects from `parent`/`namedChild` navigation, so
+    //    `sibling === declNode` is unreliable — `startIndex` does
+    //    the matching instead.
+    const parent = declNode.parent;
+    if (parent) {
+      const declStart = declNode.startIndex;
+      let declIdx = -1;
+      for (let i = 0; i < parent.namedChildCount; i++) {
+        const sibling = parent.namedChild(i);
+        if (sibling && sibling.startIndex === declStart) {
+          declIdx = i;
+          break;
+        }
+      }
+      if (declIdx > 0) {
+        for (let j = declIdx - 1; j >= 0; j--) {
+          const sibling = parent.namedChild(j);
+          if (!sibling) continue;
+          if (sibling.type !== 'decorator' && sibling.type !== 'annotation' && sibling.type !== 'marker_annotation') {
+            break; // non-decorator separator → stop consuming
+          }
+          consider(sibling);
+        }
+      }
+    }
+  }
+
   /**
    * Visit function body and extract calls (and structural nodes).
    *
@@ -1466,6 +1664,12 @@ export class TreeSitterExtractor {
 
       if (this.extractor!.callTypes.includes(nodeType)) {
         this.extractCall(node);
+      } else if (INSTANTIATION_KINDS.has(nodeType)) {
+        // `new Foo()` inside a function body — emit an `instantiates`
+        // reference. Without this branch the body walker only knew
+        // about `call_expression`, so constructor invocations
+        // produced no graph edges at all.
+        this.extractInstantiation(node);
       } else if (this.extractor!.extractBareCall) {
         const calleeName = this.extractor!.extractBareCall(node, this.source);
         if (calleeName && this.nodeStack.length > 0) {

src/resolution/index.ts

@@ -443,6 +443,18 @@ export class ReferenceResolver {
         }
       }
 
+      // Promote "calls" to "instantiates" when the resolved target is a
+      // class/struct. Languages without a `new` keyword (Python, Ruby)
+      // express instantiation as `Foo()` — extraction can't tell that
+      // apart from a function call without symbol info, but resolution
+      // can: if `Foo` resolves to a class, the call IS an instantiation.
+      if (kind === 'calls') {
+        const targetNode = this.queries.getNodeById(ref.targetNodeId);
+        if (targetNode && (targetNode.kind === 'class' || targetNode.kind === 'struct')) {
+          kind = 'instantiates';
+        }
+      }
+
       return {
         source: ref.original.fromNodeId,
         target: ref.targetNodeId,

src/resolution/name-matcher.ts

@@ -352,6 +352,30 @@ function findBestMatch(
       }
     }
 
+    // For instantiation references (`new Foo()`), prefer class-like
+    // targets — without this, a function named `Foo` in another module
+    // could outscore the actual class.
+    if (ref.referenceKind === 'instantiates') {
+      if (
+        candidate.kind === 'class' ||
+        candidate.kind === 'struct' ||
+        candidate.kind === 'interface'
+      ) {
+        score += 25;
+      }
+    }
+
+    // For decorator references (`@Foo`), prefer functions. Class
+    // decorators (Python `@SomeClass`, Java annotation interfaces)
+    // also resolve here, hence the smaller class bonus.
+    if (ref.referenceKind === 'decorates') {
+      if (candidate.kind === 'function' || candidate.kind === 'method') {
+        score += 25;
+      } else if (candidate.kind === 'class' || candidate.kind === 'interface') {
+        score += 15;
+      }
+    }
+
     // Exported bonus
     if (candidate.isExported) {
       score += 10;